The Ethnic Conflicts

Recent changes in American society have resulted in increasing number of minority students enrolling in colleges and universities. Differing views among these ethnic groups can sometimes cause conflicts for students of all races (Cozic 249). Some argue that students and universities benefit from these ethnic conflicts. Same time others believe that increasing racial diversity in American colleges and university has led to a decrease in the quality of education. People who support multiculturalism in universities believe that â€Å"students who can resolve conflict in racially diverse universities will be better prepared to succeed than students at universities that are more homogeneous†(Cozic 249). Conflict is expected, perhaps even healthy, in a social situation where people have different interests and compete for scarce resources (Duster 251). Some American schools are racially integrated, so â€Å"it is not surprising that students experience shock and tension when they arrive at their first experience of multiculturalism†(251). But shocks like this maybe a good preparation for future life. According to Duster, nowadays students are â€Å"far more competent, far more eligible, far more prepared than when this [Berkley] was an all-white university in 1950†³(252). Back in 1960s , when the campus was mainly white, almost every eligible student who applied to Berkley was admitted (252). But â€Å"when the United States changed its immigration laws in the 1970s, well-qualified candidates from China, Hong Kong, and Korea swelled the pool of applicants†(252). Suddenly, not everyone who was eligible could get in (252). The increasing number of minorities applying to universities created â€Å"increasingly ferocious competition at the same-sized admissions gate†(252). The media, so far has chosen to emphasize the beleaguered white student who has to adjust to affirmative action (252). Isn†t it a shame, stories imply, that these students are feeling uncomfortable in an environment that used to be their university (252). It isn†t theirs anymore (252). Since the demographics of the United States are changing at a fast rate, â€Å"shouldn†t the university population and curriculum reflect more of this new reality? â€Å"(252 – 53). Meanwhile, the quality of students at universities is only getting better. Duster implies that affirmative action exists because, â€Å"over the past two hundred years, blacks and Latinos have had a difficult time entering higher education, and that legacy hasn†t gone away†(253). There are economic barriers that restrict access to college for minorities. And these barriers aren†t disappearing. The smartest among them [Berkley students] also see that in a globalized economy, Berkley†s multiculturalism can make them better leaders†¦. (254). The opponents of cultural diversity believe that â€Å"affirmative action favors minorities whose average academic performance is unacceptably below university standards†(Cozic 257). D†Souza argues that the question is not whether universities should seek diversity but what kind of diversity. It seems that the primary form of diversity which universities should try to foster is diversity of mind (D†Souza 258). He says that â€Å"such diversity would enrich academic discourse, widen its parameters, multiply its objects of inquiry, and increase the probability of obscure and unlikely terrain being investigated†(258). According to D†Souza, the problem begins with a deep sense of embarrassment over the small number of minorities – blacks in particular – on campuses. University officials speak of themselves as more enlightened and progressive than the general population, so they feel guilty if the proportion of minorities at their institution is smaller than in surrounding society (259). As a consequence, universities agree to make herculean efforts to attract as many blacks, Hispanics, and other certified minorities as possible to their institutions (259). The number of minority applicants who would normally qualify for acceptance at selective universities is very small; therefore, in order to meet ambitious recruitment targets, affirmative action must entail fairly drastic compromises in admissions requirements (259). University leaders are willing to use unjust means to achieve their goal of equal representation, says D†Souza. For example, â€Å"the California legislature is considering measures to require all state colleges to accept black, Hispanic, white, and Asian students in proportion with their level in the population, regardless of disparity in academic preparation or qualifications among such groups† (259). Many selective universities are so famished for minority students that they will accept virtually anyone of the right color (260). For minority students, who struggled through high school, the courtship of selective universities comes as a welcome surprise. During their freshman year, many minority students discover that they are not prepared to the college work load and it is hard to keep up with another students. For minority students, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds, these problems are often complicated by a difficult personal adjustment to a new environment (261). University leaders have discovered how displaced and unsettled minority freshmen can be, and typically respond by setting up counseling services and remedial education programs intended to assure blacks and Hispanics that they do belong, and that they can â€Å"catch up† with other students (261). For many minority undergraduates the university†s quest for racial equality produces a conspicuous academic inequality (261). In the minds of minority students, affirmative action is not a cause of their academic difficulties, but an excuse for white racism which is the real source of their problems (263).

Qcf Level 2

diploma in health & social care level 2 knowledge learning outcomes mandatory units Unit Cu2470 Understand the need for secure handling of information in health and social care settings |Identify the legislation that relates to the recording, storage and sharing of information in health and social care (1. 1) | | | | | |The legislation relating to this are, | |CQC standards regulation 20 personal records remain confidential. |Data Protection Act 1998 | | | |Explain why it is important to have secure systems for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting | |(1. ) | | | | | |It is vital that the company that is providing the health and social care to individuals has a secure system set in place to | |record personal information as it will be needed for a number of different reasons. It is also the law to document and record | |this information so it should also be done to comply with legislation it must also protect confidentiality.Prevent identity | |thef t and also maintain the rights of individuals. The information must also be accessible for those who need it. | Know how to access support for handling information |Describe how to access guidance, information and advice about handling information (2. 1) | | | |read Policies and Procedures file, attend training, speak to Team Manager, speak with work colleagues, research on websites | | | |Explain hat actions to take when there are concerns over the recording, storing or sharing of information (2. 2) | | | |Delete, and keep hard copy, carefully filed, of the important stuff. On your computer, keep an up-to-date index of what is in | |your hard-copy file. If you use titles only, that should do. If you're really paranoid, use randomly selected titles that have| |NOTHING to do with the content. |A breach of confidentiality and or the privacy act, contact the relevant or authority involved, if this is a serious situation| |resulting in the detrimental sharing or misuse of personal info rmation | | | | | | |

BUSINESS ETHICS AND THEIR INPACT ON BUSINESS COMMUNICATION Essay

BUSINESS ETHICS AND THEIR INPACT ON BUSINESS COMMUNICATION - Essay Example Descriptive and analytical research methodology is applied in this research paper. The findings of paper are purely based on a code of business ethics which should be implemented in every single organization in objective and effective way. The subject of Ethics is from the subject of Philosophy. It is liable to addresses questions about morality and no doubt it is an important part of every one’s life. There are two levels of ethics; theoretical and applied ethics. Business ethics is one of the most imperative parts of the applied ethics. In this paper, I will try to discuss some of the major ethical philosophies that are applied to business ethics such as teleological ethics, utilitarianism, egoism, deontological ethics, etc. The purpose of this study is to represent which ethical approach is appropriated in business. Keywords: Ethics, Business Organizations, Code of Ethics, Ethics in business, Communication, Ethical theories.â€Æ' Introduction Governments of all countries of the world have either prepared a strong code of business ethics for the organizations to follow these codes to deal with the customer and to handle the daily activities of organization, or they ask business entities to schedule their own code of business ethics to implement it but this code of ethics must be within the rules and laws made by the government of that country. But the best method among these two is that government should itself prepare a strict code of ethics for the business entities to follow with the consultation of the association of business organizations. In this way, government will be allowed to look after the ethical affairs of business and to ask them to follow those ethical principles effectively, strictly and completely (Jalil, Azam, & Rahman, 2010). As the most brilliant creator of the Lord, we live to progress, to grow and to move ahead. All of us are in an age of innovation, where the free markets are getting rapid growth, a nd so the economy of the entire world. Latest technological products, roles of the government bodies, and every person on this globe is facing new challenges, exploring new opportunities for making growth, facing the demands from public and bearing the limitation. Most of the people are working to make their life error free and nations are working collectively having an aim of spreading freedom and democratic principles; to look after the free markets of the economy, to protect the individual’s rights, and to encourage respect for human rights, the rule of law, and the environment (Siltaoja & Lamsa, 2011). Every person wants to live in a good and well mannered society and this why a majority of people is worry about the ethics within the society. Any organization is related to each individual of the society and the entire economy. Behavior of an individual is a central to the business life and ethical principles have an important influence on individual’s behavior. For that reason, it is clear that the entire business is influenced by the individual’s behavior. Now each of the organization has completely or partially prepared their own code of ethics (Gulcan, 2011). Businesses on this planet are developing and apply ethics in their business dealings in order to address the legal, ethical, social responsibility, and environmental issues they face. If a business analyze and evaluate these problems in a more systematic way, it can improve its own business performance with ease. The ethical codes can also help expanding opportunities for growth, and contribute to the development of

Umpqua bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Umpqua bank - Essay Example This paper will discuss the culture at Umpqua in relation to Steins theories of organizational culture. The bank as it sat when Davis took over was starting into its midlife. It had grown and was popular but it was also fighting the possibility of a buyout. Their culture of a small town friendly bank was already ingrained and now they needed to move on. As they said, their present culture was stretched. They needed someone to come with a new plan, make the changes needed and move the culture forward rapidly and that is exactly what Davis did. This new CEO had a vision and was in no way afraid to tell everyone about it, bringing many on board right away. Then to assure that others could see his vision, he sent staff out to popular shopping areas and ask them to look around and figure out what was popular about them. He started calling the bank a store and the thought process about the bank began to change all together. Without them even realizing it, he had put together his change team and the ideas that came out were theirs which was even better. He brought in designers to help the change team figure out how best to put together areas that would meet the needs of their customers. They began to see the things that were most important about customer service such as getting people who could not serve the customer out of sight and cross-training everyone else so they could move the customer through quicker. Schein asks first, "Why change" This is exactly the question that Davis put to the staff and then he ask them if changing the outside was good enough. Did the inside not also need to change The second question is "What does the future need to look like" By this time, Umpqua was on a roll. They had a unique name and a unique concept and now they wanted a building design that met all those needs and that is what they got. The building itself was like no other bank building had ever been. It included all kinds of services for customers including use of the internet and financial counseling. All of the things included created a win-win situation for the customers and the bank. Assessing the present state according to Schein (2009) is important so the change team can evaluate where the present state is as compared to where the new state needs to go. This is often one of the most difficult tasks for a change team to manage due to the fact that the present state according to Schein (2009) is often difficult for them to see. They decided that the only way to get what they wanted was to spend their time 100% making the customer happy and they were only doing that 1/2 of the time now. To solve this problem they put together training sessions for all new managers and for anyone inside the business who felt they might want to move up eventually and trained them in what the new culture was, how it worked and how to please the customer 100% of the time. They also sent these people out to other stores that they felt were doing very well and were within the cultural dynamics that they wanted so they could see firsthand how it was supposed to work. They talked about t he "wow factor" and roll played how the customer should be treated and it would feel to them if they were a part of that service. Shein (2009) often says that the administrative staff must be fully onboard to assure a culture change

Financial Modelling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial Modelling - Research Paper Example , Total assets of company (expressed in  £ millions), Extent of team working within the company (expressed as a percentage), Scheme (coded as 1 if company has a profit sharing scheme) and 0 otherwise, Market share of company (expressed as a percentage), the age of the company (since how many years it was established) and lastly, Return on capital employed (also expressed as a percentage). First we show graphical representation of the data to understand any issues or patterns which arise from the data, we then conduct univariate and bivariate analysis to find out if there is a correlation between profit sharing scheme (the dependent variable) with the independent variables (the six aforementioned variables) one by one, later the multiple variable analysis to discover if the overall model is significant or not, which means we explore if the six independent variable all together have an influence on profit sharing scheme or not. Finally a logistic regression analysis was run to find o ut the impact (positive or negative) that the six independent variables have on the profit sharing scheme. The SPSS computer program was used to conduct the statistical analysis while the excel software was used for the graphical visualizations. Graphical visualization helps us to visually explore and understand the pattern of a given data set. In this section we present the graphical visualizations of the variables. We begin by the Profit margin of company (expressed in percentage). The graph clearly shows that that none of the companies has managed to reach a profit margin of 35% and slightly few have a profit margin of below 5%. The highest profit margin recorded is 32.33% and the lowest profit margin is 4.4%. Figure 2 presents a graph of total assets of company; we observe that most companies had assets of between  £ 2000-8000 (millions). The company with the highest assets had  £ 13,686.62(millions) worth of assets while the lowest company had  £ 270.65 (millions) worth of

Health Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Assessment - Research Paper Example Sometimes, the condition is irreversible, and operation is the only resort to solve the problem. Nevertheless, with prompt medical treatment, proper diet and exercise, the disease could be controlled or even cured in time. This paper discusses nursing practices in dealing with patients with plantar fasciitis, a condition common to people who had history of heavy walking and running. The paper details the complaints of the client, subjective and objective data to be collected, rationale for collecting additional data, and health promotion strategies that a nurse can give to the client. The Patient’s Complaint Waking up with painful heel and finding it difficult to walk and climb down the stairs in the morning have become the usual scenarios in the life of Cynthia. At age 35, Cynthia wondered why she developed arthritis. She thought that the pain in her heel was due to arthritis, given the fact that arthritis is common among her father’s relatives. Her father has been suf fering from arthritis for nine years, and he is now 73. Cynthia first felt the pain three years ago when she started working as a freelance writer for several publishing companies. Working at home, she did not go out frequently and only did so when attending meetings, conferences and the like. She submitted write-ups through email, allowing her to stay at home without needing to dress up smartly. That time, Cynthia gained some weight, thus making her quite obese. She did not think of her ailment as permanent; she barely thought that she got the pain from walking as she did her shopping twice monthly. Three years passed and the pain occurred from time to time whenever she went out to do the grocery. Six months ago, she found a new job as a full-time office-based editorial manager. This time around, she has to wear office clothes and use shoes to pair with them. She has been using ballet flats for three months prior to the consultation. Thinking ballet flats look cute and feel comfort able, she bought three pairs of the shoes. Ballet flats are trendy; they are very popular especially among youngsters and are preferred by those who do walking most of the time. These shoes are very colorful and nice to wear because they are usually made of cotton or textile materials so the feet can breath even with long-time wear. The smooth material does not cause blisters unlike leather shoes. Most of all, ballet flats are cheap so one can practically change shoes everyday. Cynthia was attracted to this kind of shoes, not knowing that they could aggravate her condition. When she consulted with an orthopaedist, Cynthia was instructed to undergo x-ray of both feet to find out if bone spurs grew in her heels. The results are positive. Cynthia has inferior calcaneal exostoses or heel spurs on both feet. These results gave the doctor an impression that she has plantar fasciitis. Plantar fasciitis, otherwise known as â€Å"policeman’s heel,† is the painful condition of t he plantar fascia, the connective tissue found on the soul of the foot, usually at the heel part. According to Roxas (2005), the cause of this pain is multifactorial, including excessive mobility, wearing tough shoes, walking or running on hard surfaces, and being overweight. These characteristics of plantar fasciitis determine the additional data required to be collected. Additional Objective and Subjective Data to be Collected Identifying plantar fasciitis is easy in consideration of the

HRM human resources management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HRM human resources management - Essay Example The introduction of the composite pay deal and performance bonus is the most important factor underlining BMW’s success. The performance bonus has been specifically linked to the generation of new ideas to harnass worker creativity. For instance workers are required to come up with three ideas to save 800 pounds each in order to qualify for an annual bonus of 260 pounds (Case). Vroom’s Expectancy Theory highlights the importance of rewards – including extrinsic rewards such as bonuses – in enhancing motivation of workers (Vroom, n.d). Linking increased pay and a bonus specifically geared to reward performance in terms of achieving production targets is conducive to improving employee performance. Moreover, harnassing worker creativity is also likely to provide the intrinsic rewards that help to achieve a high motivation and satisfaction quotient on the job according to Vroom’s theory. Workers will feel that they are making a useful contribution whic h helps to enhance motivation and interest on the job. The second most important feature of the HR package is the overhaul of the flexible working system. The HR practices in this aspect were such that they had to work their way around restrictive covenants and secure increased labor during peak production periods while paying salaries during off production periods. The rearrangement of the working schedule includes the following features: (a) scrapping of the contract in favor of a working time account (b) introducing a working time account (c) the facility to â€Å"bank† time during high production periods (d) overtime to be cashed later for extended holidays (Case). The system was started with every worker coming in with minus 200 hours each, however the reasons for the changes, as stated by Ernest Baumann, head of BMW’s Human resources Department is to â€Å"give associates a greater control over their time.†(O’Brien, 2002: Mar7). The flexible worker schedule and the facility to bank hours and control

Automotive Production Levels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Automotive Production Levels - Essay Example It also ensures that firms do not make profits at the expense of consumers. This essay highlights issues relating to mergers, the role of government in market economy, complexities of self-expansion, and other issues facing companies. Government regulation and importance of government involvement in a market economy Government regulation is of major importance in the creation of mergers, as a certain level of regulation is needed to enhance the functions of contemporary markets. Through regulation, the government ensures that merging industries support policy goals. Government regulates mergers to ensure that the parties to the contract have confidence in it and that the stipulated property rights are defined clearly. According to Gaughan, (2010) regulation comprises of rules, which are administered by the government with the aim of influencing business behavior and economic activities. In the light of this, regulation captures a range of government actions such as setting market fra meworks, primary legislation to detailed regulations that are enforced by specialist sectoral regulators. Government regulation of mergers has beneficial effects to the society as it provides protection. Some government regulations for instance, protect the safety and health of workers. Moreover, regulation plays a huge role in consumer protection as industries are approved and licensed. Government involvement in the market economy aims at attainment of important goals such as equity and social efficiency. In equity, the government aims at achieving fair distribution of resources while social equity is achieved by equating marginal benefits and marginal costs of consumption and production. The government also plays an important role in the market economy by formulating policies with the intent of promoting dissemination of information. To achieve this, government provides education, extension, and supports the media for the delivery of important information regarding the markets. Fu rthermore, through distribution, price assembly and labeling requirements, the government ensures that there is some truth in advertising (Gaughan, 2010). Government involvement in the market may be in order to combat externalities. According to Gaughan ( 2010), externalities arise when the activities assumed by some agents in the market affect the technologies or preferences of other agents. There are positive, negative, consumption, and production externalities. The government is also involved in the market for provision of public goods. These are goods, which are consumed concurrently by many individuals and are free to access. In case the government is not involved in the provision of these goods, the market mechanism cannot provide them, as they are not profitable. These goods include infrastructure, environmental amenities and national security. Government involvement in the market economy curtails non-competitive behavior. Non-competitive behavior arises in case of monopoly w hereby the supply of a good is controlled by a single agent and whereby a single agent controls demand. Moreover, the government checks the activities of middlemen to ensure that consumers do not suffer. In addition, the government is also involved in the market economy to ensure that equal distribution of income is attained. The government achieves this through transfer policies such as inheritance and income taxes and social security

Date Rape Essay Example for Free

Date Rape Essay Introduction Popular views on commital of rape are confined on the idea that a stranger, the supposed perpetrator settles on a secluded or dark area and forcibly attacking someone, before inflicting sexual contact. While this may appear to be true, it is now a basic reality that rapists aren’t just strangers. Even people we know: friends, acquaintances, relatives and co-workers are possible suspects. In fact, about half of the victims of rape know their perpetrators. Incidences of commital of the crime seemed to be alarmingly high as it comprised fifty to seventy-five percent of all accounted rape cases. But even these data do not speak of the actual figures. The University of Buffalo’s Student Affairs cited a conservative FBI statistics which provided that only three and a half percent of all forms of rape are reported. By examining and analyzing available results, this paper tries to answer questions surrounding date rape, which as follows: a) What is date rape?, b) How did it evolve?, c) What are its causes?, d) What are the risks factors?, and e) What are the necessary interventions? Anwering these questions would enable us to provide the necessary information regarding date rape. Definition and history of date rape Of the cases reported, majority of it appears that the perpetrator is a victims’s acquaintance. While it is assumed that most of this acquaintances, ranging from friends and acquaintances to dates, romantic partners, and spouses or domestic partners do not necessarily end up in violence, in certain instances and causes, rape happens. For this study, when forced sexual intercourcourse takes place between two acquaintances, it is called date rape or acquaintance rape (Homeier, et al., 2006). Date rape, on an initial public sense, is defined to be a subset of acquaintance rape where two people involved in a romantic relationship engage in nonconsensual sex. But in the case of acquaintance rape, relationship (romantic or professional) has no bearing of the situation; hence, it can be described as plain and pure sexual assault or unwanted sexual contact. The law refers sexual assault to include the commital of rape (oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse) or the force penetration of any foreign objects in the genitalia (dildo, vibrator, including finger) without consent from the victim. Meanwhile, one of the early advocacy movements on date rape in the US was pioneered way back in the 70’s in Delaware. The realization of an organization called Support Group for Victims of Sexual Offense (S.O.S.) founded by then Director of the Health Service Dr. Majorie McKusick was a driving force behind the idea to provide services to survivors of sexual assault. In 1988, SOS produced a brochure dedicated to date rape. At present, bearing a new name, the organization is continuing its efforts to raise awareness on date rape. III. Hypothesis But as to why many people fall on the verge of date rape and as to why individuals commit this crime, remains a broad subject open for discussion. Basing on facts and scientific studies though, leading experts and institutions underwent a series of researches about the topic, some of which have produced fair but contradicting results.   Given the extensive scope of this issue, this paper assumes that risk factors: perceived dating behaviors, external factors (drugs, alcohol), and attitudes of supposed victims and perpetrators constitute likelihood of dating violence and rape. Gravity of the crime Meanwhile, depending on the gravity of the case, non-penetration actions such as touching the private parts of the victim (e.g. buttocks, breasts, genitalia), naked or through clothing constitute an assault but not necessarily rape, albeit, these are detterent to the rape itself. Forcing another individual to touch another person’s private parts even against his/her will also constitute the same.   On the otherhand, the infliction of physical hostility, threats of aggression, or perform sexual contact with an unconscious, asleep, or intoxicated individual describe the force or advantage. Coercion, without the aid of force or hostility is also used such as grave threats, reaveling secrets, put the victim to shame, sack an employee or fail a student are forms of sexual harassment. The Crime scene Actions pertaining to date rapes are reported in strategic areas or venues, depending on the status and preferences of the supposed victim. As the name suggests, the crime usually pointed to locations related to the place of the date or meeting. The assault usually happens in secluded, dark, and private or even public and busy places (e.g. hotels, garden, beach, comfort rooms, cars or club houses). Some cases were reportedly committed in bushy, dark areas away from the human settlements. In the case of college students, date related violence was recorded within the university premises. This is proof to the fact that even the school is not even safe nowadays, more so, it has become a favorite venue for this crime. Commission of rape happens usually in a predictable and definite instance. This can be observed if the prospect is conscious of what is happening around him/her. But in most cases, the motives are already predisposed; hence, timing is of great consideration for the suspects to pursue with the aided or unaided sexual assault and for victims to escape the trap. Even in a promenade or a fair, where people are busy, perpetrators find a leeway to commit rape if not harassment. The targets While many people often think that rape only happens typically to women, this is not always the case. Even men also have experiences of sexual assault. Some even lead to rape, although it occurs frequently within heterosexual dating relationships. This scenario showed that date rape transcends gender, as in the case of people of every ethnicity, age, culture, religion, economic background, or sexual orientation. Just like the opposite sex sexual assault, the majority of same-sex cases occur between people who have close relationships. However, perpetrators as well as the survivors are not always gay or lesbian. Moreover, sexual assault can also be part of a bias crime against someone perceived to be gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgendered the perpetrator in this instance can be either the same or opposite sex as the survivor. Although girls and women are the most often victims of rape one in three women will be sexually assaulted in her life, men is also vulnerable to be raped. A study revealed that seven to ten percent of rape victims are male. Meanwhile, teenagers and young adults are four times more likely to be sexually assaulted than women in all other age groups. A USF-Counseling Center for Human Development report showed: that 52% of women students have experienced some form of sexual victimization, 1 in 8 college women have been raped; 1 in 12 college men admitted to sexually abusing women but did not consider themselves rapists; of the women raped, almost 75% didnt identify it as such; 47% of rapes were by first or casual dates or by romantic acquaintances; and over 1/3 of the women didnt discuss the rape with anyone, and over 90% didnt report it to the police. Moreover, in a 1998 Minnesota Student Survey, approximately 9% of girls and 6% of boys had experienced date violence or rape. On the other hand, lifetime prevalence of date or acquaintance rape ranges from thirteen percent to twenty seven percent among college-age women and 20% to a high of 68% among adolescents. VII. Causes and Tendencies As to the cause of becoming a victim and becoming a rapist, an array of results from researches in the last decade revealed that behavior, perception, and external factors confronts both the victim and the perpetrator. On a study conducted on perceived causes of date rape, 142 undergraduates were presented with grids containing 9 causes listed by column and row. They were asked to indicate if they believed there was a causal link between each of the 72 causal pairings. The result placed emphasis on drunkenness, norms of dating, and societys attitude to date rape. Misunderstanding of men’s behavior, male attitude on the unimportance of date rape, and need by males for dominance were seen as prime causes (Bostwick DeLucia, 1992). Demographic characteristics that increase vulnerability to date rape include younger age at first date, early sexual activity, earlier age of menarche, history of sexual abuse or prior sexual victimization, and being more acceptable of rape myths and violence towards women.   Ackard Neumark-Sztainer (2002) on the other hand associated date rape with the higher rates of eating disorder behaviors and suicidal tendencies, and lower scores on emotional well-being and self-esteem scales.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teenage girls intentionally hurt by a date in the previous date are more likely to experience sexual health risks, including vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections, or getting pregnant. Dating violence should also be included in reproductive health programs, and greater efforts to identify women experiencing violence while on date are needed among those providing care related to adolescent reproductive health (Silverman, 2004). Other risk factors include date-specific behaviors such as who paid the expenses, who drove, date, location and activity, as well as the use of alcohol or take drugs such as flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) (Rickert Wiemann, 1998). A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions is similar to those of diazepam that can cause anterograde amnesia. Some reports showed that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may cause violent behavior. The US government has already banned the importation of this drug which was introduced in 1984. Alcohol consumption that occurs within the context of the date can lead to: the misinterpretation of friendly gestures or cues as sexual invitations and the females inability to ward off a potential attack. Kanin (1985) proposed that perpetrators’ deviant sexual behavior has often been portrayed as the result of frustrated but legitimate sexual exhaustion. This study of the perpetrators reveals that as a product of a hypersexual socialization process, these men are sexually active, aspiring, and successful. Due to an exaggerated desire levels viewed as responsible for instituting a high degree of sexual disappointment, this acute relative deficit is a significant process reponsible for the rape episodes. VIII. Interventions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dating violence happens among teemagers which bears common and unique risk factors for dating violence found across adolescents grouped by sex, race/ethnicity, and prior victimization. Rickert, et. al., (2002) described that efforts to lessen dating violence should (1) increase the use of screening tools that measure victimization as well as contextual parameters that will promote promote dating violence; (2) increase self-efficacy to promote safer sex; (3) reduce the use/abuse of alcohol and other drugs that facilitate dating violence; and (4) eliminate the influence of negative peer behavior. Interventions to prevent dating violence will likely also lower unwanted pregnancy rates, HIV-AIDS, and sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s)among young people.. Old town beliefs of a woman being unable to rape another woman and a man with another man these make survivors hard to find someone to talk to, avail services, or even believe themselves that they were raped. Survivors of assault by a same-sex partner or date may face various fears such as homophobia and heterosexist attitudes when disclosing the sexual ordeal or receive medical or psychologicalinterventions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Van Wie’s 1995 study on resistance to rape showed that participants in the category with perceived resistance conditions took a longer time to identify when the subject should abstain from pursuing sexual contact, thereby exposing them more to be raped.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Results of this study could be used to promote level of awareness on date rape, educate people about the risks and responses with date rape, and to strengthen rules regarding proper sexual behavior. Conclusion   Research designs and materials are needed to advance our our knowledge and understanding of sexual violence among teenagers and the most effective ways to eliminate it. Understanding and comparing research findings would be easier if consensus regarding the definitions of date rape, sexual aggression, and sexual assault was obtained. Finally, prevention programs on primary and secondary date and acquaintance rape must be enhanced and be subjected to systematic evaluation (Rickert Wiemann, 1998) Almost sixty percent of victims who experienced rape and attempted rape disclosed this information to one or more individuals, whereas only 47% of those who experienced verbally coerced sex told another person. Rickert, et. al., (2005) observed that alcohol addiction and a shorter dating history are important variables related with disclosure of rape/attempted rape as well as the time for disclosure. Meanwhile, factors affecting the disclosure of verbally coerced sex and the latency associated with it are less well defined A present survey based on 70% returns of a random sample of 200 women at one college indicated that, although 5% had been date raped, none reported the rapes to authorities due to feelings of self-blame and embarrassment. Rape scenarios that were not reported could perpetuate a self-fulfilling prophecy that rapes do not occur. A victim of rape may feel she is the only one against the world and is reluctant to exclude one’s self who will report. However, this denial by both victims and authorities does not encourage programs for prevention and treatment (Finkelson Oswalt, 1995). Increasing identification of the incidence of date/acquaintance rape (DAR) in the US, especially among women in college, has led to an understanding that the techniques needed to ward off attacks from acquaintances differ from the techniques used to prevent rape by strangers. This study proved and validated the following DAR constructs: perceived vulnerability, self-efficacy, relational priority which is neglecting self-interest to save a relationship, rape myth acceptance (believing myths about rape which makes women avoid facing their own vulnerability), and commitment to self-defense. These constructs were also correlated with scales for masculinity, self-esteem, and degree of belief in a just world. Finally, date and acquaintance rape is not only a womans issue. Men must also be actively aware of this issue, as they can help minimize rape by educating themselves and others. â€Å"Healthy relationships involve respect including respect for the feelings of others. Someone who really cares about you will respect your wishes and not force or pressure you to have sex.†          References:    Finkelson, L., Oswalt, R. (1995). College date rape: incidence and reporting. Psychol Rep, 77(2), 526. Kanin, E. J. (1985). Date rapists: differential sexual socialization and relative deprivation. Arch Sex Behav, 14(3), 219-231. Rickert, V. I., Wiemann, C. M., Vaughan, R. D. (2005). Disclosure of date/acquaintance rape: who reports and when. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 18(1), 17-24. Silverman, J. G., Raj, A., Clements, K. (2004). Dating violence and associated sexual risk and pregnancy among adolescent girls in the United States. Pediatrics, 114(2), e220-225. Walsh, J. F., Devellis, B. M., Devellis, R. F. (1997). Date and acquaintance rape. Development and validation of a set of scales. Violence Against Women, 3(1), 46-58.

Intellectual Skills Practical Skills And Transferable Skills Education Essay

Intellectual Skills Practical Skills And Transferable Skills Education Essay My first impression of this course was glad where I has chance to find out how the process of research and how to write the research report. As part of that, this course also has mention information system where I can more understand how the information system can support business activities and the future of information technology. The aim of this program is reflecting on the application of research approaches and communicating research finding in a suitable format for dissemination. Because of that, among the course I learning how to categories sources of information, how source of information usage in research, how IT contribution can enhance business performance and awareness of the range and variety of the technologies that support organisations. Moreover, this course also let me to practice intellectual skills, practical skills and transferable skills. For intellectual skills include how to select the suitable topic for investigation, appreciate its relationship which current development in IT, define clear research objectives, evaluate the results of a literature survey and understand system approach to organizations is considerable part for doing reaching. Meanwhile, this module let me to experience how to work effectively as part of team and schedule an effective study plan where systematically organize and interpret data obtained during group assignment and undertake self directed study. Furthermore, this course also let me practice to produce an effective visual presentation. Overall, the objective of this program is transfer the theoretical and skills to real world situations where I can apply it in the future. Main Report The coursework are split into two parts, the first part is group research and presentation. Before start the coursework, we try to plan how the group performed whether whole class in single group or separate in small group. Unfortunately our course modulator decides to discrete our class into three teams. Thus I feel that anxiety which team needs to joint because fearful to join the worst team has poor leader where it make my journey of this group project bitterer. This is where I found that the teamwork plays and leader as important elements for success the project. Team work is a group of individuals working together to achieve a common goal which is complete our group assignment. While, team leader is key person in the team where he/she needs to known well the project future direction, responsibility, well planning, attends team member and give a clear cut intrusion to the team member. Therefore leader performance is important, it will affect whole teams move further or reduce bac k. After few discussions on centre, finally I choose to join Miss Teo team where our team consists of me and Miss Teo only. If has any project in the future, I will not disquiet that need to select which group to join the important is what role you play in the team. If you are team leader need to responsibility and give clear-cut intrusion and attend to team member. If as a team member, need to coordinate with other team member and team leader. The week after finalize group member, we try to carry forward to following question which is select the topic of research of our team. Before we start, our class is worn off by course modulator that we have limited time to carry out research. Meanwhile I insight that the important of time management. Time management is range of tools, skill and techniques to use manage the time accomplishing the project. We distributed the workload among ourselves and set a time frame for completion. Group members were to adhere to the time frame stipulated. This is how we manage to complete a group assignment and presentation, with much hidden work behind our success. Meantime, our team is discussing the topic of the research. After a few short online discussions, our team generally fixates telehealth will be our topic of assignment. Immediately our team facing another question where telehealth is a big topic, isnt our team able to handle this kind of big research in short duration? If not, what is the next topic we need to look it, isnt subtopic of telehealth like telemedicine, home telehealth or ehealth or different topic? These kinds of questions keep come disturb us, among team member also has different argument about the topic and storming stages also come to join our team. Because of that, our team has a lot of online discussion and facing to facing meeting. But unfortunately our team also forces to invite our course modulator to join to settle down our problem. But luckily our team very hastily to say goodbye to storming where we has common idea to decide EHR in Alberta, Canada as our topic. Alberta is the first province in Canada carry out telehealth and EHR. At this moment, I discover that effective listening, take note, peer assessment and select a suitable topic is important for beginning of research process. Previously I thought select topic is easy job where pick up one topic and do research, but now I release that there is a lot of more involved. Next time when team member who coming out an idea/advice or suggestion, another member need careful listening, takes note and try to adopt it. It will reduce the storming stages and less conflict among the team. For the following week, we start do to research for EHR in Alberta. All related information for this assignment base on internet. On the internet, we can search a lot of information about the EHR. Then another problem prompt out is how the source of information will be categories? After categories it how the information usage for JRP? Therefore we try to analysis the information we have and summaries it into a point forms. For the time being, I aware that do the research has their rues of process and approach. Next time will more careful about that. In addition, our classes also establish a group called dynamic group where this group form to share information and discuss the problem facing each of the team. This group has a discussion every saturday on centre. The first mission of this dynamic group is finalizing the format of all report. In the question paper/ guideline give untrustworthy instruction for the format report. Every one of us afraid uses wrong type of format, hence we bring up this topic to group meeting discussion to discuss we need to follow which type of format. Furthermore, the chair of meeting is take turn by all members. It is a good time to learn and practice to be leader. Chair a meeting is a not easy job where need to prepare the agenda and do some homework. After we have sufficient information, then we start to write JRP. On start we have reference sample reference paper to see the structure of research paper and style of writing the research paper. Writing a research paper is not an easy job, where the all the part needs to base on the real fact to explanation. Although I not the editor, but we has much online discussion to discuss all part . At last the first JRP draft is completed, and then we start analysis and double check whether our JRP paper has miss out any point or not. We found that our JRP structure most like a case studies instance a proper research format. Then we look for our course modulator to discuss this issue and our course modulator said that this is the right way. Before that I think that before writing research paper, the editor need to understand the background and detail of the topic only. But now I have different option where the editor need to familiar the research process, approach, method and philosophy. One of them no follow, the whole research paper will be out. In the part of that, I feel the changing is literature review section. We need write the finding has done by previous research paper put at that section. We has try use the original world in previous research paper paste it into this section then will h as plagiarism. Then we found a technique to apply it. This a good lesson for me, next time when reach at this section we will more careful analysis how previous research paper. After few review and online discussion our team were finalize the JRP paper and continue doing the presentation slides. Following the next week, we doing group presentation slides. Then we separate the first few slides are done by me while other will do by Miss Teo. This is my first time to summaries the research paper to presentation slides. At the time, I feel fearful and strain because no idea how to summary become a slide. Then I start search from Internet how to summaries it for my further understanding and that time our team has few discussions. I think is a good chance let me try and learning how to prepare an effective presentation slides. It will help me a lot for future when has a presentation. After we complete the slides, we try to add in a word we need to present. Before the due date of presentation, we try to rehearse the group presentation and individual presentation. But we still no finalize the presentation slides. On that day, all team are trying participating to present their slides, while other will listen and give suggestion or advice after they present. Firstly come out to present my slides I feel scare. At the time, my mind is blank just read what has in the slides and quickly to complete it. I know that the problem what facing. Hope in next time present the slides I will more confidence and slowly to explain the slides. The next mistake I think I need to improve is answer Conclusion Overall I really enjoyed this group assignment where I glad that this group assignment gives me a great learning experience to do research and work as group. Besides that this assignment fit perfectly where I could apply what I learned in class to a real-world situation. Many classes teach you a bunch of stuff but never give you the opportunity to see it for yourself. For instance, Ive learned so much about forces and failures on beams, but have never seen it in real life. Other classes teach you things, but you never use it until years later, at which time you have forgotten some, if not all of it. I was able to take what I learned each week in class and use it to help me with the project. I think this quick application of the principles allows for greater development as a leader. I think that this course to better prepare me as a future leader. I will be able to use what I have learned now and years in the future. I can also use our group development as an example when Im in future groups and build upon the successes and learn from the failures. This project have made a big impact for me and the rest of my group member, hopefully we will be able to overcome these glitches in future project.

Youth Drug Abuse Hong Kong

Youth Drug Abuse Hong Kong Youth problem is a wide-ranged and intertwined one among the social problems. With the development of information technology and economics, the teenagers are faced with more temptations than the older generations of their age, in other words, they have more choices for fun, like online games, Japanese cartoon and animation books and magazines, everyday updated fashionable accessories, hi-tech products and something can make the young generation feel like in the trend. However, out of some reasons, they are prone to be addicted with the novelties and then deviate from their normal life, such as the internet addiction, alcohol abuse, drug abuse and so on. Some of those youth problems are independent, but most of them are relevant and can elicit each other. Quite recent, I watched a documentary film named the Crimson Jade telling a story about a drug abuse schoolgirl, which arouse me to dig more about the young drug abuse group. Thus, in this paper, I especially choose the youth drug ab use problem as the topic. Drug abuse is regarded as a serious teenager problem in Hong Kong. The age of the individuals who is the first time taking drug is younger than past: since 2007, the reported drug abuser under 21 increased by 34 percent within 3 years (Qing shao nian du pin wen ti zhuan ze xiao zu bao gao : zhai yao, 2008); In the year of 2007, almost all reported young drug abuser (99 percent) once took the mentally damaging drugs, only 2 percent of them took the traditional drugs (mainly the heroin), and there were 80.2 percent of young abuser took the ketamine for the most part (Qing shao nian du pin wen ti zhuan ze xiao zu bao gao : zhai yao, 2008).The developing traits of the Hong Kong teenagers drug abuse:1) the age of abusers tends to be younger as time goes on ; 2) increasing females become the drug abusers (Luan, 2010), the drug addictive female under 21 increased by 25 percent than the same duration in the first half year of 2008. 3% of youth are easily tend to be involved in drug dealing a nd/or smuggling. The definition of the youth drug abuse According to the definition of deviant behavior, the drug abuse is one of forms of that. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the meaning of former first. After reviewing the textbook, it can be illustrated that the deviance involves the activities do not compliant with the social norms and are unreached the expectations of members from a specific society (Haralambos, 2008). Deviance in a sociological context describes actions or behaviors that violate cultural norms including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and norms). It is the preview of sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and criminologists to study how these norms are created, how they change over time and how they are enforced (Wikipedia, 2010). It can be illustrated that the crime, delinquency, different kinds of addictions are the forms of the deviant behaviors, and the drug abuse is one of the addictions. In terms of the definition of you th drug abuse, the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), no longer regarded drug abuse as a current medical diagnosis. Instead, DSM has adopted substance abuse (Wikipedia, 2010) as a blanket term to embrace drug abuse and other things. In my view, I think the youth drug abuse is young people who have their internal problems (mental and physical) and influenced by the external factors from their peers, families, neighhoods, and social trend and culture, are resulting in passive emotion, thereby tending to transfer or shirking the negative emotion temporarily through taking drugs without tackling the concrete problems. Additionally, according to Elises lecture, it was told that the alcohol abuse also belong to the drug abuse, for the alcohol is one of the chemicals can induce the mentally active abnormal syndrome. But in this paper, it mainly narrows down the topic to the usual understanding of the drugs like ketamine, heroin an d marijuana etc. The nature and origin of youth drug abuse The micro level 1) Individual factor: partial reasons are personality and the developmental physical function of the young drug abuse. The former is instinctively from the perspective of the psychology, such as sensation or novelty seeking, inhibition and antisocial traits. The people who are inclined to be the drug abuser showed several personality deficits in common: 1) Behavioral problem. 2) Emotional obsession. 3) Low self-esteem. 4) Low resistance to obstacles.5) Swaying will(Yang, 2008).the latter is physiology, for adolescence is the transition from child to teenagers whose physical functions are developing under flux, thus some deficit of the body might be aroused during that time (Luan, 2010). Analyses of many studies have concluded that genes influence 40 to 50 percent of the variation in antisocial behaviors with a population, and 60 to 65 percent of the variation in aggressive antisociality (Rhee Waldmam, 2002; Tackett, Krugeger, Iacono, McGue, 2005). Owing to the research of Coleman, the certain genes in some individuals can render them more prone to be the drug abusers (2009).In addition, Laura deemed that the addiction is a disease in the brain that can control of it (2008). The mezzo level 1) Family factors: the family integrity (whether the teenage lives with single parent or not), the communication pattern of the family members etc., especially the lacking of monitoring of a teenagers interpersonal relationship and whereabouts, regarded as the most influential predictor of the drug use of that age (Chilcoat and Anthony, 1996; Williams and Hine, 2002).Further more, the parents acknowledgement and the cognition on the drugs can not match the developmental understanding of their childrens. There were 30 percent of interviewed parents did not know or could not be sure about whether their children had taken drugs or not (Ming Pao, 2009). It is the fact that parents are lacking the basic knowledge on updated drug-taking development in youth; therefore they are not that sensitive and alert to the slight symptoms or unusual behaviors of their children, and their care for the children might put in the inappropriate place. 2) Peer factors: except the parenting influence, the peer group is the sources of affection, sympathy, understanding, moral guidance, a place for experimentation, a setting for achieving autonomy and independence from parents (Papalia, 2009). Adolescence is the transition stage of an individual, from which an individual gradually starts to live more independent and dedicate more time with peers. Therefore, the peers or friends choosing for the youth play a pivotal role in accepting influence from the people they hang out with. Some negative peer pressure might breed from the interaction among the association, for instance, a negative role model in a clique takes drugs and also escape the punishment from law might encourage his or her friends to try the drug, for complicated combination of the fluke mind and peer pressure, the rest member of the clique probably might imitate the negative one. From 2008 to the first half year of 2010, according to statistics results from the Narcotics Division, Security Bureau of Hong Kong, there was over 60 percent respondent to choose the Influenced by the peers, I want to fit in the peers group as the initial reason why they take the drugs for straight years(ND, 2010). Additionally, young people are inclined to those whose are similar to themselves in school achievement, adjustment, and prosocial or antisocial tendencies (Collins et al., 2000; B. B. Brown et al., 1993). 3) School and community risk factors: Friedman took the view that the teenagers who had poor academic performance and/or behavioral problems are prone to substance abuse at a high risk (Friedman, Bransfield, Kreisher, 1994). A strict disciplinary school can possibly restrict teenagers from the potential influence of the other factors. At school teachers evaluate students basically towards their academic performance instead of well-rounded perspective out limited human resources and effective and applicable methods. Students who have poor performance academically might be looked upon as the deviants and bad students at school. In my point of view, the school the whereabouts those students who have poor academic performance are labeled as the bad ones. Because self-concepts of individuals are largely stemmed from the responses of others, and they will tend to indentify themselves with that certain label (Haralambos, 2008); some young people are just potentially deviant once labeled as the concrete deviant, which will possibly trigger them give off the potential tendency into reality as well as the behaviors are going to be reinforced. From the perspective of labeling theory, Becker thought that the deviant behaviors resulted from those who had power could define others and make them label sticker. Here it can be seen that the school is the party with power who seems can be the judge, meanwhile, the students are compelled to receive the inappropriate judgment, which is unfair and ill-considered. As for Lemert the other advocator of the theory, he deemed that there were the primary deviation and the secondary deviation that publically labeled. But the former effected very little to whom were labeled for the first time, which means, it is slightly possible to elicit the being first labeled ones to do something deviant. Only the latter was the determinant cause for the concrete deviant to happen. If some students with poor academic performance receive the negatively labeling comments (they can be regarded as the negative punishment) again and again, there is no doubt that the self-identities are questioned and the potential deviant tendency will be possibly triggered. In terms of community, the living circumstance of teenagers is quite important. The accessibility to the drugs of the neighborhoods and the degree of awareness of forbidden drugs are the influential factors for the teenagers. I think the influences can be good or not, it can be imagined that if the young people with drug abusive tendency live in positively active neighborhoods, the possibility for them of transforming into the drug abuser is still quite low, therefore neighborhoods can play the vital roles as the positive reinforcement for the possible deviant behavior of the youth. The macro level 1) Culture and social factors: from the perspective of Marxism, it is acknowledged that the economic foundation decides the superstructure. Hong Kong is a world class cosmopolitan city with rapid speed life tempo, no matter which aspect is in the first class of the world. Hong Kong people can have the most updated electronic products, the comic books, and the so-called leisure style like taking some drugs, which are pretty attractive for the young people to give it a try. The teenagers of that age are easy to do something deviant impulsively and over-esteemed to think they can control themselves, which lead them to deem that taking drugs is not a big deal. The misconception of leisure modes in these entertainment mass media is likely to have deteriorative effects on the moral conscience of the young people. In addition, all kind forms of mass media like the TV, radio, magazines, newspapers, especially the barrier-free internet services create infinite accessibilities for the juveniles to the violence and pornography that are exactly one of the sources giving the chance to the youth to imitate the negative side of the humanity consciously or subconsciously, like instigating peers to try the drugs or even being the drug dealers. In the light of the exploratory study by Yung Lai fong, she concluded that the adverse influence of the unhealthy representations on newspapers/movies/VCDs was great. The comic books/magazines on sex and violence, in particular, appeared to have the most damaging effects on the healthy development of young people (Yung, L, Edith, 1998). There is no doubt that the mass media does have the far-reaching and perpetuating impacts on the development of the young people intellectually and morally, and on their attitudes and perspectives towards self and others as well. In conclusion, the three levels analysis for the origin and nature of the youth drug abuse are reciprocal to each other, one factor can not bring about the consequence of youth drug abuse recursively. The factors of different levels are considered as the social institutions, and they interact and have mutual impact to each other, in the specific condition, can turn the drug abusive tendency into reality. Intervention from different levels In my opinion, the social worker can be compared to the agent that is functioning as the bridge between the client and the other social institutions. Therefore, it is necessary to fully tap the functions of the agent to bridge well connections among those social institutions. From the macro level, in campus and off campus, social workers can promote and popularize the essential knowledge on drugs and its damage as well as the negative influences to abusers and their families, peers and the society. Especially, the agency can bring the advantages of mass media into full play by cooperating with them, and its social workers can held some activities in order to disseminate the general ideas on disadvantages and the irreversible damages to the youth, and advocate the appropriate way to report some pop stars who take drugs and favorable in teenagers but not advocate it as a novel lifestyles.E.g: In the mezzo and micro levels, social workers and the agency can filter down the target group, and then carry out the relevant intervention plans. When carrying out the intervention, social workers should be sensitive about the slight changes of the high risky youth, and the possible behavioral characteristics them are as follows: 1) Borrowing money from friends more often. 2) The abuser is looked dispirited and low-energy, sometimes having unusual excitements and meaninglessness behavior. 3) The abuser immediately turns to be depressive after behaving happily and talkatively (00).In terms of the specific approach, the social workers can adopt the CBT-MBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Motivational Therapy), according to previous experience, CBT-MBT has been evaluated primarily in cases of young people abusing marijuana, 10 out of 12 randomized clinical trails have supported the effectiveness of the approach, with the effects persisting for as long as 30 months after treatment (W aldron, Turner,2008).The social workers can also refer to practical skills during a ten-session CBT: 1) refusing offers to use drugs; 2) expanding the young persons networks; 3) avoiding high-risk drug use situations; 4) managing anger; 5) communicating with parents and peers; 6) dealing with depressed mood ;7) coping with craving (Scharffer, Chang, Henggeler, 2008). In my point of view, among those skills, the social workers should carry them out logically and progressively according to different situations and the major inducement of taking drugs of clients. For example, given that the clients are easily prone to be influenced by peers and less decisive, he or she took drugs largely because his or her so-called friends did. In consideration of this, firstly, the social worker can concentrate on the teaching the skill of refusing offers to use drugs; secondly, it is crucial to find out the behind reasons through skillful counseling. Maybe the client feels lacking the support from f amily or can not be understood by others etc. which possibly contribute to different solutions and methods to deal with clients situation. During the counseling process, finding the strength (Hepworth, 2009) of the client is especially important for social workers to make it a part of the intervention. It is the essential solution that encouraging the clients to believe in themselves in order to enhance the self-strength efficiency during the process. The social worker can assist the client to set short term goal and long run goal for the sake of strengthening the self-esteem of the client. When the goals are settled, the social can also put forward the monitoring plan including the weekly meeting and self-monitoring on the behalf of the client. In all, it is practical to evoke the positive sides of the clients like helping and taking care of others, the pursuit of life goal, the capacity of anti-stress and meet the challenges. Parents are the key to the successful intervention. For the social worker, they can hold the workshop, panel discussion and keep in tough with parents. Because of lacking daily communication and interaction with the children, most young drug abusers parents did not realize the changes of their children. The social workers held the workshop in order to create more opportunities for enhancing the interaction between those parents and children via interactive games and role-playing of using the videotapes to model positive and negative parent-child interaction, discussion etc. (Scharffer, Henggeler,2008). If the social worker finds the drug abuse /addiction case or is informed by the other parties, such as teachers, students and community members, it is necessary to make the referral in order to help the abuser efficiently and timely. After the rehabilitation, the case still requires to be followed in the long run, for there is usually existing the recrudesce of drug addiction in the following months. Information inclination: The cognition conducts the behavior, in the aspect of diversified intervention methods, that is to say, what kind of the perspectives towards the matters decides the information inclination. Showing the mass media materials like videotapes and newspapers can provide vivid examples of the physical and mental disadvantages and damages to the clients. Theories Labeling theory: Social learning theory: Julian Rotter moved away from theories based on psychosis and behaviorism, and developed a learning theory. In Social Learning and Clinical Psychology (1954), Rotter suggests that the effect of behavior has an impact on the motivation of people to engage in that specific behavior. This social learning theory suggests that behavior is influenced by these environmental factors or stimulus, and not psychological factors alone. Albert Bandura (1977) expanded on Rotters idea, as well as earlier work by Miller Dollard (1941), and is related to social learning theories of Vygotsky and Lave. Social learning suggests a combination of environmental (social) and psychological factors influence behaviors. This theory incorporates aspects of behavioral and cognitive learning. Behavioral learning assumes that peoples environment (surroundings) cause people to behave in certain ways. Cognitive learning presumes that psychological factors are important for influencing how one behaves. Push-pull Theory Differential Association theory Evidences/ supports of the youth substance abuser: Peer influence is the major cause of youth drug abuseAccording to the survey in 2004, it reported that the commonest drug suppliers were the peers of the teenagers with 51.8 percent, and there were only 10.4 percent by drug dealers and 8.2 percent to 10.8 percent by parents, family members and relatives respectively. When the young drug abusers encounter some problems or troubles they tend to seek for help from those who provided the drugs to them as their first choice rather than the parents, teachers and social workers. One interesting founding in the 2004 survey was that psychotropic substance abusers would rather to get help from their close friends first (26.8percent ) than seek help from parents first with 11.8 percent and seek help from social workers counted to 9.3 percent. The reason for first try of drugs: Knowledge deficit, misconceptions of substance use, academic problems, family problems and poor relationship with parents and peers have also driven them to have their first try (The 2004 Survey of Drug Use among Students, 2005; Boys, Marsden, Strang, 2001).

The Search for Self in Tirra Lirra by the River Essay -- Tirra Lirra b

The Search for Self in Tirra Lirra by the River  Ã‚   It has been suggested that Tirra Lirra by the River can be regarded as a novel which aims eventually at a better understanding"2. In my opinion understanding is achieved at two levels in the novel. The first type of understanding is personal and introspective, and is discovered by the central character. The other is societal, achieved through allegory and symbolism, and aimed at the reader. Jessica Anderson aims to develop this dual understanding through the exploration of two main themes: the quest for self-knowledge, and the consequences of gendered societal repression. In this essay I will explore these themes, and how much Nora and the audience respectively finally understand in relation to them. The Quest for Self-Knowledge Nora Porteous, the main character of Tirra Lirra by the River, embarks on a voyage of self discovery as an elderly lady - mostly while in bed recovering from pneumonia. As physical exertion, which the reader later discovers has been her usual response to periods of 'waiting', is denied her, she begins to explore her inner world of imagination and memory. Her most important discovery is that she has lived under the curse of an imbalance between imagination and reality all her life. This imbalance is signified by Nora's many correlations to Tennyson's "Lady of Shallot", and by the chasm between her physical appearance and actions and her inner character. One of the most obvious traits shared by the Lady and Nora, is their desire for the perfect social world of Camelot. Nora's 'Camelot' is a "region of [her] mind, where infinite expansion was possible" and is more real than "the discomfort of knees imprinted by the cane of a chair" (... ... from p. 61. Willbanks, p. 62. Pam Gilbert, Coming Out From Under: Contemporary Australian Women Writers (London: Pandora, 1988) p. 140. Elaine Barry, "The Expatriate Vision of Jessica Anderson," Meridian 1 (3) (1984), 3-11. This from p. 8. Alfred Tennyson, "The Lady of Shallot," In Elaine Barry, Fabricating the Self: The Fictions of Jessica Anderson (Queensland: UQP, 1992), Appendix 2. Elaine Barry, Fabricating the Self: The Fictions of Jessica Anderson (Queensland: UQP, 1992), p. 89. Barry, Meridian, p. 9. Barry, Fabricating, p. 83. Roslynn Haynes, "Art as Reflection in Jessica Anderson's Tirra Lirra by the River," Australian Literary Studies 3 (12) (1986), 316-323. This from p. 318. Willbanks, p. 60. Barry, Fabricating, p. 73. Barry, Meridian, p. 7. Barry, Fabricating, p. 74. Willbanks, p. 60. Barry, Fabricating, p. 71. Willbanks, p. 62.      

The Second Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers

The Second Industrial Revolution brought unity and prosperity to the once uneconomical Europe. Products such as railroads, coal, iron, and textiles, as well as the discovery of electricity, and use of chemicals, petroleum, and steel, are all contributes to what is referred to as the Second Industrial Revolution. These products brought improvement and advancement to all social classes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Middle Class was profited greatly due to the Revolution. Some were even starting to merge with upper class due to the wealth of entrepreneurs, marriages of upper middle class to upper class, and such. Schools also helped them find unity where upper middle class sons were allowed to study with elite upper class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Steel being substituted for iron was one of the original changes made during the Second Industrial revolution. This change made smaller and faster engines and better railways and ships. The new transportation advances such as the construction of many new rail lines (due to the substitution of iron for steel) made it possible for all social classes to travel and be tourist. It was very popular on weekends for working and middle class to travel to amusement parks, to the beach, dancehalls, or sport stadiums, where they could watch a newly organized professional sport.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discoveries in mmedicine and the environment improved nutrition as well as reduced unsanitary urban environments which carried diseases, poor water quality, and unproper removals of sewage. Urbanization is the term used to described the boom in population during this time in urban areas. Sanitary reforms stepped up during this time and developed ways to sanitize the most filthy parts of Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many women struggled with the â€Å"Woman question† during this time.

What role can Youth Workers play in Reducing Anti Social Behaviour?

Abstract This paper is a research proposal which seeks to address the potential that youth workers have in reducing anti-social behaviour. This proposal seeks to take a case study approach to anti-social behaviour whilst utilising a number of governmental policies and practices which exist across a wealth of social work areas and youth work practice areas. Introduction The practice of youth work takes place within a trusted part of the spectrum of social work provision (Dept. for Education and Skills, 2005). The history of youth work can be traced back to the late 1880s and can found within an informal voluntary religious setting (Infed, 2014). It was, however, the Albemarle Report (Ministry of Education, 1960) which concretised the service within societal dynamics and within youth cultures. Within this approach a defined route to what youth work should incorporate, as well as highlight its role, was highlighted. Recent years, however, has seen the service being impacted by changes brought about through altered central government policies (Courree, 2012). During this time, youth work services has been subject to reform and has been incorporated into the auspices of the Integrated Youth Support Services (Infed, 2014), and utilised as a tool for reducing anti-social behaviour Recent years have seen anti-social behaviour become a dominant issue in com munity relations. Within their detached roles, it can be considered that youth workers have the potential to improve social dynamics and to reduce instances of anti-social behaviour. However the extent to which youth workers can effect change needs to be addressed. Background and Rationale for the study Youth work is a contested area of social work provision and its professional definition has been affected by a series of wider ranging work practices (Infed, 2014). Sercome (2010) also agrees that what constitutes as youth work is not an easy task but he produces a list of roles that are akin to that of both Infed (2014) and the National Youth Agency (2014). These roles serve to define youth work as a process which ‘helps young people learn about themselves, others and society, through informal educational activities which combine enjoyment, challenge and learning’ (National Youth Agency, 2014: n.p.). However, it is also evident that youth work also takes place within the modern social work context of multi agency practices. This outcome places youth workers at the centre of the plethora of criminal and social policies that are designed to counter anti-social behaviour. Detached youth work is a distinctive form of social work which interacts with young people using constructive dialogue and within the spectrum of personal and social development (Federation for Detached Youth Work, 2013). This form of youth work utilises principles of informal education in order that young people can be engaged in order to address a number of issues that exist in their lives. As a result youth workers now operate in a more robust legal framework which incorporates a multitude of legislative criteria and partner agencies, this can include but is not limited to, law enforcement agencies, education services, housing trusts, social services and medical services. This perspective is particularly applicable where knife crime as well as other forms of anti-social behaviour, are considered. Anti-social behaviour became an issue for the incumbent Blair administration in 1997. The Labour party manifesto for that election claimed that Labour wanted to see ‘communities that are safe†¦ (and)†¦ where mutual respect and tolerance are the order of the day’, adding, ‘these are things we must achieve together as a country’ (Labour Party, 1997: n.p.). As a result the Labour Government drafted the Anti-Social Behaviour sytem and incorporated programmes such as the Respect Agenda, which included a task force and related action plans (Millie, 2009). Youth workers play a central role in reducing anti-social behaviour. In the Tower Hamlets areas of London, anti-social beahviour conttitues to dominate local service provision and underpinning policies.The administartive wings of the area have been criticised for not resolving cases quickly (Tower Hamlets Homes, 2012). Similarly it is noted that the area is one of the most prevalent in London for instan ces of knife crime (Citizen Report UK, 2013). Knife crime has long been associated as being a criminal activity which is predominately carried out by young people (11 Million, 2009), and as such, falls within the remit of youth work. It is to be noted that youth workers may come into contact with service users who are engaged in anti-social behaviour on a regular basis whose behaviour is being dictated by a social, emotional or behavioural disorder. Cefai and Cooper (2006) argue that such a premise is not uncommon and argue that these conditions are a persistent factor in anti-social behaviour. They argue that these conditions are ‘characterised by their effect of being socially disruptive or disruptive to the development course of the individual (Cefai and Cooper, 2006: 18). McVie (2010) highlighted that there was a correlation between instances of, and the prevalence of poverty, low self esteem, knife crime, and gang membership. Within this narrative a number of associative links between what constitutes as being delinquent or anti social behaviour and knife crime. An earlier report by 11 Million identified a similar number of sociological factors which will aid a young person to turn to anti-social behaviour, and in particular knife crime. However McVie (2010) noted that those young people who can be classed as being persistent knife carriers consisted of only a small percentage of the overall knife carrying population. AS such it can be argued that knife crime occurs within two very distinct groups; persistent offenders and occasional offenders (McVie, 2010). Within this the aforementioned sociological and behavioural incorporation of low educational levels, behavioural issues and deprivation can be considered to be a factor. At this point it is worth remembering that Tower Hamlets is one of the poorest areas of London. As such there is a correlation between academic theory, statistics and environmental reality. Indeed this is a factor which 11 Million (2009) detected. Further to this a subsequent report, the Kinsella Report (2011), highlighted poverty as being a contributory factor in the perpetuation of this particular anti-social behavioural act. Aim and Objectives of the Study The aim of this study is to investigate and examine the roles of youth workers and assist the reduction of anti-social behaviour in the Tower Hamlets borough of London. To do so the proposed study has three main aims; Define anti-social behaviour in context with social exclusion and social work practice Identify and explain the current roles of youth workers in assisting authorities in combating anti-social behaviour. Assess the efficacy of contributory elements of knife crime in order to assist the wider youth work sector in helping reduce anti-social behaviour In responding to these tree aims, it is proposed that the question of what role can Youth Workers play in Reducing Anti Social Behaviour will be addressed. Literature Search Strategy The literature review will primarily involve the collection, collation and analysis of previous primary and secondary data sources and studies. These studies will be sourced from a number of online academic databases and will include statutory reports, academic research studies, state policy documentation and other regulatory statements as well as responses from professional bodies. In addition to this, the incorporation of secondary data such as academic perspectives and media sources will provide for a review of the discourse that resides within this area of debate. In effect, data sources of this type can be classified as multiple data sources. Here it is to be noted that multiple source datasets are capable of being interrogated, broken down and reclassified into specific policy and practice areas as well as time based datasets (Cohen, Mannion and Morrison, 2013). In essence, it is proposed that the approach being utilised for this research is based upon desk based research. Stud ies of this type can also known as descriptive research studies and involve a number of research areas that are related to the issues surrounding this particular study area (Cohen, Mannion and Morrison, 2013). Ethics and anti-oppressive practice considerations Since this paper is based upon a methodology which utilises descriptive research it will not require the involvement of participants within any subsequent research. As such, there are no ethical guidelines relating to the management or safety of participants. However it is to be remembered that descriptive research studies are subjective and it is possible that the inclusion of a number of case studies, or examples, can be influenced by personal perspectives and biases (Cohen, Mannion and Morrison, 2013). It is to be noted however, that every step will be taken to ensure that this issue does not impinge upon the study; this includes conscious or unconscious bias. Project outline Chapter one will consist of the introduction; this will include relevant background information, rationale, methodology, scope and constraints as well as overviews of the literature review. Additionally it will include an abridged findings section. Chapter two, the literature review, will consist of a review of primary and secondary resources. This will include, but not limited to, regulatory frameworks, state policies, professional literature and previous academic research studies. The third chapter will focus upon the Tower Hamlets area of London from a case study perspective. Within this Chapter, the level of anti-social behaviour, youth work initiatives, responses and results will be considered. This case study will be compared against information raised within the literature review in order to inform best practice in this area. the analysis section, will counteract the initial findings from the literature review and assess these against further data in order to assess how youth workers can help reduce anti-social behaviour. The final chapter, the findings of the study, will highlight where and how, if any, youth workers can help reduce anti-social behaviour. This chapter will also provide a series of recommendations for further research. Project timetable Weeks 1 – 4: Identification, collection and collation of primary and secondary sources in order to inform the literature review. Weeks 4 – 8: Literature review, first and second draft. Weeks 9 – 10: Finalise literature review and investigate areas for service provision in relation to reducing anti-social behaviour. Weeks 10 – 12: Findings section, first and second draft Weeks 12 – 14: Finalise the analysis chapter in order to highlight areas for recommendations for youth work service changes in order to address issues related to anti-social behaviour. Weeks 14 – 15: Complete findings and recommendations chapter. Weeks 15 – 16: Complete the first, introductory chapter. Week 17: Publish the final research study. Bibliography 11 Million, (2009), Young people, and gun and knife crime: a review of the evidence, London: Centre for Crime and Justice Annetts, J., Law, A., McNeish, W., Mooney, G., (2009), Understanding Social Welfare Movements, Bristol: Policy Press. Cefia & Cooper, (2006), Social, Emotional and Behavioural difficulties in Malta: An educational perspective, (J), Journal of Maltese Educational Research, Vol. 4 (1), pp. 18-36. Citizen Report UK, (2013), London Knife Crime Offences by Borough 2007 to 2013, (online), available at http://www.citizensreportuk.org/news/2013/06/25/london-knife-crime-offences-by-borough-2007-to-2013/, (Accessed on 25/11/14). Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K., (2013), Research Methods in Education, (5th edition), London: Routledge Falmer Courree, F., (2012), The History of Youth Work in Europe: Relevance for Youth Policy Today, Volume 3, Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Dept. for Education and Skills, (2005), Targeted Youth Work: A Guide, London: HMSO. Federation for Detached Youth Work, (2013), What is Detached Youth Work?, (online), available at http://www.detachedyouthwork.info/more_about_detached_youth_work.htm, (accessed on 23/10/14). HM Government, (1983), Mental Health Act (1983), London: HMSO. HM Government, (2003), Every Child Matters, London: HMSO. HM Government, (2004), Children Act (2004), London: HMSO. HM Government, (2005), Mental Capacity Act (2005), London: HMSO. HM Government, (2013), Anti-Social Behaviour, (online), available at https://www.gov.uk/asbo, (accessed on 23/10/14). Infed, (2014), what is Youth WorkExploring the History, Theory and Practice of Work with Young People, (online), available at http://infed.org/mobi/what-is-youth-work-exploring-the-history-theory-and-practice-of-work-with-young-people/, (accessed on 23/10/14). Kinsella Report, (2011), Tackling Knife Crime Together: A Review of Local Anti-Knife Crime initiatives, London: HMSO. Labour Party, (1997), New Labour: Because Britain Deserves Better, (online), available at http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/lab97.htm, (accessed on 22/10/14). McDonald, R., (1997), Youth, The `Underclass’ and Social Exclusion, London: Routledge. Millie, A., (2009), Antisocial Behaviour, Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill. Ministry of Education (1960) Albemarle Report: The Youth Service in England and Wales, London: HMSO. National Youth Agency, (2014), What is Youth Work?, (online), available at http://www.nya.org.uk/about-nya/what-is-youth-work, (accessed on 23/10/14). Poverty.org, (2012), Poverty indicators: Relative poverty, absolute poverty and social exclusion, (online), http://www.poverty.org.uk/summary/social%20exclusion.shtml, (accessed on 23/10/14). Priory Group, (2012), Behavioural, emotional and social difficulties (BESD), (online), available at http://www.priorygroup.com/Conditions/Specialist-Education-and-Fostering-Conditions/Behavioural-emotional-and-social-difficulties-BE.aspx, (accessed on 23/10/14). Sercombe, H., (2010), Youth Work Ethics, London: Sage. Tower Hamlets Homes Anti Social Behaviour Service, (2012), Anti-Social Behaviour: Everybody’s Business, London: Tower Hamlets Homes.

Reality of School Violence in US

On January 18, 1993, Scott Pennington, a seventeen year-old student from Kentucky, shot and killed his East Carter High School teacher Deanna McDavid and janitor Marvin Hicks, and then held his twenty-two classmates at gunpoint for about fifteen minutes. On September 15, 1995, Daniel Watson, eighteen, was charged with one count of kidnapping, two counts of unlawful possession of a weapon on school property, and fifteen counts of first degree endangerment after holding a fellow student at gunpoint at his high school. Watson had been in a fight before school, and then went home and returned with two handguns. In November of 1996, Drew Golden, 11, and Mitchell Johnson, 13, opened fire on their fellow students and teachers in Jonesboro, Arkansas, killing four students and an English teacher. Is this what should be happening in America†s schools? Should students have to be more concerned with their safety, rather than obtaining a good education? Incidences similar to the ones just described occur every year in school systems across the country. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, fifty-seven percent of public elementary and secondary school principals reported that one or more incidents of crime/violence occurred in their schools during the 1996-1997 school year. The center also reported that ten percent of all public schools experienced one or more serious violent crimes (defined as murder, rape, or other type of sexual battery, suicide, physical attack or fight with a weapon, or robbery) during the 1996-1997 school year. Physical attacks or fights led the list of reported crimes in public schools, with about 190,000 reported incidences in 1996-1997. Schools should be places where the objective is to give students the skills and knowledge to help them with their future; they should not be havens for violent acts. Something obviously needs to be done to decrease and hopefully one day eliminate violence in America†s school systems. There have been numerous proposals made to help the problem, but there still has not been a significant improvement in the problem nationwide. Several recent reports-one by the American Psychological Association and another by the National Education Association-show a dramatic increase in the incidence of school violence. It is going to take a team effort by the government, communities and the schools to help reduce violence in America†s school systems. The government has attempted to address the issue of school violence. In 1994, President Bill Clinton signed the Gun-Free School Act, mandating a one-year expulsion for students who bring weapons to school. The Act also promoted the â€Å"zero tolerance† for weapons policies of some states and school districts. Currently, the federal government and most states also make funds available for prevention activities through anti-crime and education legislation. This year, money was allotted in the federal budget for the hiring of more teachers in the schools. Although the government has put some effort into helping the schools, is it enough? The problem of violence of schools is often overlooked by the government and instead more emphasis is put on political scandals, foreign policy, and welfare. It seems unfair for the students who fear going to school each day that the government concentrates more on the private relations of the president and the status of people from other countries, than on the future of its own citizens. The government needs to grant more money for the improvement of schools, both externally and internally. This money needs to be put toward the hiring of more teachers, violence prevention programs in the schools, and improvements on the school buildings. The government also should be monitoring the schools† use of the â€Å"zero tolerance† policies, making sure that they are strictly enforced in every school across the country. The second ingredient to solving the problem of violence in schools is community initiatives. An important one is providing an assortment of out-of-school programs to students. It is important that these programs keep youth constructively engaged when their families are unavailable, and provide them with attention from caring adults and good role models. They also need to encourage teamwork, respect, and positive personal relationships. These programs keep kids away from negative influences on the street and in the media. Helping youth find employment in the community is another important way for communities to help build the self-esteem and sense of responsibility among adolescents. Having a job also helps youth appreciate how important staying in school is to their future career plans. The most important element to the solution of violence in schools is the improvement surrounding the actual schools. The first key is to reduce violence through personalization. Overcrowded schools and classes hurt both the educators† efforts to know their students and students† efforts to know one another. The result from this is often misunderstanding, frustration, and increasingly, violence. Smaller classes can enable schools to become communities in which students know and value one another as individuals. They would also allow educators to form steady caring relationships with the students most likely to start or suffer from physical and psychological violence. School violence frequently results from conflicts that are inappropriately managed and therefore intensify. Conflict resolution programs should be offered in schools to both students and educators to give them skills to effectively and constructively handle the controversies that naturally arise in learning environments. Schools should also promote the development of good character. The missing piece in violence prevention programs is character development though the skills of empathy and self-discipline,† write character education experts Diane G. Berreth and Sheldon Berman. â€Å"Without these skills, we run the risk of schools becoming locked-down and oppressive institutions built around fear rather than responsiveness. † Teachers also play an essential role in dealing with school violence. Studies have shown that children consistently admire and respect those teachers that are strict in setting high standards for behavior and academic performance, and who demonstrate a personal interest in their students. It is also important that teachers follow strict codes of conduct throughout the whole school. This code of conduct should be shared with the students, and should not be altered by the teachers. Students should never have the feeling that they might be able to get away with something, because a teacher rarely enforces the rules. It is with longing that teachers remember the days when disruptive behavior in school meant running in the halls, throwing spitballs and pulling ponytails. Today, the disruptive behavior is much more frightening. It takes the shape of brutal beatings, stabbings, and shootings. Youth violence disrupts schools and is taking its toll on students, teachers, parents, and communities. Youth violence is threatening the entire structure of public education. The issue of school violence needs to be attended to quickly. This problem cannot be solved by the efforts of one force, but rather it will take the teamwork of the government, communities, and the schools to help reduce the violence. If policies such as the ones described are not implemented, students will continue going to school in fear.